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Discovering and Using USB Cameras on Raspberry Pi 4

This will demonstrate how to get Akri working on a Raspberry Pi 4 and walk through using Akri to discover mock USB cameras attached to nodes in a Kubernetes cluster. You'll see how Akri automatically deploys workloads to pull frames from the cameras. We will then deploy a streaming application that will point to services automatically created by Akri to access the video frames from the workloads.
The following will be covered in this demo:
1.Setting up single node cluster on a Raspberry Pi 4
2.Setting up mock udev video devices
3.Installing Akri via Helm with settings to create your Akri udev Configuration
4.Inspecting Akri
5.Deploying a streaming application
6.Cleanup
7.Going beyond the demo
Set up single node cluster on a Raspberry Pi 4
1.Using instructions found here, download 64-bit Ubuntu:18.04
2.Using the instructions found here, apply the Ubuntu image to an SD card.
3.Plug in SD card and start Raspberry Pi 4.
4.Install docker.
sudo apt install -y docker.io
5.Install Helm.
sudo apt install -y curl
curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/helm/helm/master/scripts/get-helm-3 | bash
6.Install Kubernetes.
curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo apt-key add
sudo apt-add-repository "deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main"
sudo apt install -y kubectl kubeadm kubelet
7.Enable cgroup memory by appending cgroup_enable=cpuset and cgroup_enable=memory cgroup_memory=1 to this file: /boot/firmware/nobtcmd.txt
8.Start master node
sudo kubeadm init
You will then need to setup kubenetes config and environment variables using the commands below
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
export KUBECONFIG=$HOME/.kube/config
9.To enable workloads on our single-node cluster, remove the master taint.
kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master-
10.Apply a network provider to the cluster.
kubectl apply -f "https://cloud.weave.works/k8s/net?k8s-version=$(kubectl version | base64 | tr -d '\n')"
Set up mock udev video devices
1.Open a new terminal and ssh into your ubuntu server that your cluster is running on.
2.To setup fake usb video devices, install the v4l2loopback kernel module and its prerequisites. Learn more about v4l2 loopback here​
sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install linux-headers-$(uname -r)
sudo apt -y install linux-modules-extra-$(uname -r)
sudo apt -y install dkms
curl http://deb.debian.org/debian/pool/main/v/v4l2loopback/v4l2loopback-dkms_0.12.5-1_all.deb -o v4l2loopback-dkms_0.12.5-1_all.deb 
sudo dpkg -i v4l2loopback-dkms_0.12.5-1_all.deb
Note: If not able to install the debian package of v4l2loopback due to using a different Linux kernel, you can clone the repo, build the module, and setup the module dependencies like so:
git clone https://github.com/umlaeute/v4l2loopback.git
cd v4l2loopback
make & sudo make install
sudo make install-utils
sudo depmod -a  
3."Plug-in" two cameras by inserting the kernel module. To create different number video devices modify the video_nr argument.
sudo modprobe v4l2loopback exclusive_caps=1 video_nr=1,2
4.Confirm that two video device nodes (video1 and video2) have been created.
ls /dev/video*
5.Install the necessary Gstreamer packages.
sudo apt-get install -y \
    libgstreamer1.0-0 gstreamer1.0-tools gstreamer1.0-plugins-base \
    gstreamer1.0-plugins-good gstreamer1.0-libav
6.Now that our cameras are set up, lets use Gstreamer to pass fake video streams through them.
mkdir camera-logs
sudo gst-launch-1.0 -v videotestsrc pattern=ball ! "video/x-raw,width=640,height=480,framerate=10/1" ! avenc_mjpeg ! v4l2sink device=/dev/video1 > camera-logs/ball.log 2>&1 &
sudo gst-launch-1.0 -v videotestsrc pattern=smpte horizontal-speed=1 ! "video/x-raw,width=640,height=480,framerate=10/1" ! avenc_mjpeg ! v4l2sink device=/dev/video2 > camera-logs/smpte.log 2>&1 &
Note: If this generates an error, be sure that there are no existing video streams targeting the video device nodes by running the following and then re-running the previous command:
if pgrep gst-launch-1.0 > /dev/null; then
  sudo pkill -9 gst-launch-1.0
fi
Installing Akri
You tell Akri what you want to find with an Akri Configuration, which is one of Akri's Kubernetes custom resources. The Akri Configuration is simply a yaml file that you apply to your cluster. Within it, you specify three things:
1.a Discovery Handler
2.any additional device filtering
3.an image for a Pod (that we call a "broker") that you want to be automatically deployed to utilize each discovered device
For this demo, we will specify
1.Akri's udev Discovery Handler, which is used to discover devices in the Linux device file system. Akri's udev Discovery Handler supports
2.filtering by udev rules. We want to find all mock USB cameras in the Linux device file system, which can be specified with a simple udev rule KERNEL=="video[0-9]*". It matches name of the mock USB cameras.
Note, when real USB cameras are used, the filtering udev rule can be more precise to avoid mistaken device match. For example, a better rule is KERNEL=="video[0-9]*"\, ENV{ID_V4L_CAPABILITIES}==":capture:" that adds a criteria on device capability. We may go further by adding criteria such as vendor name. An example is KERNEL=="video[0-9]*"\, ENV{ID_V4L_CAPABILITIES}==":capture:"\, ENV{ID_VENDOR}=="Great Vendor". In order to write correct rule, check output of "udevadm" command for USB cameras. A example is "udevadm info --query=all --name=video1".
1.a broker Pod image, we will use a sample container that Akri has provided that pulls frames from the cameras and serves them over gRPC.
All of Akri's components can be deployed by specifying values in its Helm chart during an installation. Instead of having to build a Configuration from scratch, Akri has provided Helm templates for Configurations for each supported Discovery Handler. Lets customize the generic udev Configuration Helm template with our three specifications above. We can also set the name for the Configuration to be akri-udev-video.
In order for the Agent to know how to discover video devices, the udev Discovery Handler must exist. Akri supports an Agent image that includes all supported Discovery Handlers. This Agent will be used if agent.full=true is set. By default, a slim Agent without any embedded Discovery Handlers is deployed and the required Discovery Handlers can be deployed as DaemonSets. This demo will use that strategy, deploying the udev Discovery Handlers by specifying udev.discovery.enabled=true when installing Akri.
1.Add the Akri Helm chart and run the install command, setting Helm values as described above.
Note: See the cluster setup steps for information on how to set the crictl configuration variable AKRI_HELM_CRICTL_CONFIGURATION
helm repo add akri-helm-charts https://project-akri.github.io/akri/
helm install akri akri-helm-charts/akri \
    $AKRI_HELM_CRICTL_CONFIGURATION \
    --set udev.discovery.enabled=true \
    --set udev.configuration.enabled=true \
    --set udev.configuration.name=akri-udev-video \
    --set udev.configuration.discoveryDetails.udevRules[0]='KERNEL=="video[0-9]*"' \
    --set udev.configuration.brokerPod.image.repository="ghcr.io/project-akri/akri/udev-video-broker" 
Inspecting Akri
After installing Akri, since the /dev/video1 and /dev/video2 devices are running on this node, the Akri Agent will discover them and create an Instance for each camera.
1.List all that Akri has automatically created and deployed, namely Akri Configuration we created when installing Akri, two Instances (which are the Akri custom resource that represents each device), two broker Pods (one for each camera), a service for each broker Pod, a service for all brokers, the Controller Pod, Agent Pod, and the udev Discovery Handler Pod.
watch kubectl get pods,akric,akrii,services -o wide
Look at the Configuration and Instances in more detail.
1.Inspect the Configuration that was created via the Akri udev Helm template and values that were set when installing Akri by running the following.
kubectl get akric -o yaml
2.Inspect the two Instances. Notice that in the brokerProperties of each instance, you can see the device nodes (/dev/video1 or /dev/video2) that the Instance represents. The brokerProperties of an Instance are set as environment variables in the broker Pods that are utilizing the device the Instance represents. This told the broker which device to connect to. We can also see in the Instance a usage slot and that it was reserved for this node. Each Instance represents a device and its usage.
kubectl get akrii -o yaml
If this was a shared device (such as an IP camera), you may have wanted to increase the number of nodes that could use the same device by specifying capacity. There is a capacity parameter for each Configuration, which defaults to 1. Its value could have been increased when installing Akri (via --set <discovery handler name>.configuration.capacity=2 to allow 2 nodes to use the same device) and more usage slots (the number of usage slots is equal to capacity) would have been created in the Instance.
Deploying a streaming application
1.Deploy a video streaming web application that points to both the Configuration and Instance level services that were automatically created by Akri.
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/project-akri/akri/main/deployment/samples/akri-video-streaming-app.yaml
watch kubectl get pods
2.Determine which port the service is running on. Be sure to save this port number for the next step.
kubectl get service/akri-video-streaming-app --output=jsonpath='{.spec.ports[?(@.name=="http")].nodePort}' && echo
3.SSH port forwarding can be used to access the streaming application. In a new terminal, enter your ssh command to to access your VM followed by the port forwarding request. The following command will use port 50000 on the host. Feel free to change it if it is not available. Be sure to replace <streaming-app-port> with the port number outputted in the previous step.
ssh someuser@<Ubuntu VM IP address> -L 50000:localhost:<streaming-app-port>
Note we've noticed issues with port forwarding with WSL 2. Please use a different terminal.
4.Navigate to http://localhost:50000/. The large feed points to Configuration level service (udev-camera-svc), while the bottom feed points to the service for each Instance or camera (udev-camera-svc-<id>).
Cleanup
1.Bring down the streaming service.
kubectl delete service akri-video-streaming-app
kubectl delete deployment akri-video-streaming-app
watch kubectl get pods
2.Delete the configuration, and watch the associated instances, pods, and services be deleted.
kubectl delete akric akri-udev-video
watch kubectl get pods,services,akric,akrii -o wide
3.If you are done using Akri, it can be uninstalled via Helm.
helm delete akri
4.Delete Akri's CRDs.
kubectl delete crd instances.akri.sh
kubectl delete crd configurations.akri.sh
5.Stop video streaming from the video devices.
if pgrep gst-launch-1.0 > /dev/null; then
    sudo pkill -9 gst-launch-1.0
fi
6."Unplug" the fake video devices by removing the kernel module.
sudo modprobe -r v4l2loopback
Going beyond the demo
1.Plug in real cameras! You can pass environment variables to the frame server broker to specify the format, resolution width/height, and frames per second of your cameras.
2.Apply the ONVIF Configuration and make the streaming app display footage from both the local video devices and onvif cameras. To do this, modify the video streaming yaml as described in the inline comments in order to create a larger service that aggregates the output from both the udev-camera-svc service and onvif-camera-svc service.
3.Add more nodes to the cluster.
4.Modify the udev rule to find a more specific subset of cameras Instead of finding all video4linux device nodes, the udev rule can be modified to exclude certain device nodes, find devices only made by a certain manufacturer, and more. For example, the rule can be narrowed by matching cameras with specific properties. To see the properties of a camera on a node, do udevadm info --query=property --name /dev/video0, passing in the proper devnode name. In this example, ID_VENDOR=Microsoft was one of the outputted properties. To only find cameras made by Microsoft, the rule can be modified like the following:
helm repo add akri-helm-charts https://project-akri.github.io/akri/
helm install akri akri-helm-charts/akri \
   $AKRI_HELM_CRICTL_CONFIGURATION \
   --set udev.discovery.enabled=true \
   --set udev.configuration.enabled=true \
   --set udev.configuration.name=akri-udev-video \
   --set udev.configuration.discoveryDetails.udevRules[0]='KERNEL=="video[0-9]*"\, ENV{ID_V4L_CAPABILITIES}==":capture:"\, ENV{ID_VENDOR}=="Microsoft"' \
   --set udev.configuration.brokerPod.image.repository="ghcr.io/project-akri/akri/udev-video-broker" 
5.Discover other udev devices by creating a new udev configuration and broker. Learn more about the udev Discovery Handler Configuration here.
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Discovering and Using USB Cameras
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